Design And Construction Of A Dark Activated Street Light
ABSTRACT
This project work is on the construction of dark activated alarm. Which aimed at activating a switch or AC lamp at sunset and deactivate it at sunrise.
This Dark activated street light can trigger a relay to operate an AC street light at Sunset. The lamp remains on till morning and then turns off. This eliminates the need of switching the Porch lamp daily and also helps to light the road/street.
The circuit utilizes the light sensing property of LDR to activate the circuit. The LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) has very high resistance as high as 10 Meg ohms in dark which reduces to a few Ohms in bright light.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LIGHTING
2.2 REVIEW AND DESCRIPTION OF LED STREET LIGHT
2.3 REVIEW OF LIGHT SENSOR
2.4 LDR STRUCTURE AND WORKING
2.5 REVIEW OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.4 SYSTEM OPERATION
3.5 COMPONENTS LIST
3.6 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED
3.7 FACTORS FOR SELECTING AN APPROPRIATE RELAY
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3 CONSRUCTION OF THE CASING
4.4 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.5 INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
4.6 COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATION
5.3 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The controlling of street lights is usually maintained by an electrical department’s technician on several occasions. This is not only precarious but also sometimes results in wastage of power because of the negligence or unusual circumstances on part of the technician in operating the lights on and off. Not only in case of street lights, even for controlling the home appliances like garden or outdoor lights, we can utilize the dark activated street light for automatic switching OFF the lights based on daylight’s intensity by using a dark sensor.
Dark Activated street light is a electrical project circuit by which we can switch on and off the electrical street light automatically based on the day-light intensity instead of manually operating the switches.
By using this method, manpower can be reduced to a great extent. In case of the street lights/lamp erected on highways it is not an easy task to manually control them, but, if uncontrolled, the chances of power wastage would increase. To get rid of this situation, the implementation of automatic street light by using a dark sensor that switches lights automatically on and off is the best option.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to design a device that will trigger street light when darkness fall on the sensor (LDR)
1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
A dark activated street light is an electronic consisting of LDR, transistor and Relay as connected in the main circuit, as shown below.
The circuit shown below requires a DC voltage, which can be supplied from a mains by using a bridge rectifier instead of the battery. The bridge rectifier uses a step-down transformer to step-down the 230v into 12v.
This circuit is to switch ON or OFF the light when the LDR is covered by darkness or illuminated. The light dependent resistor will have high resistance in darkness and low resistance in the light. The comparator used here has LDR connected to its inverting terminal and potentiometer connected to its non-inverting pin.
When the darkness falls on the Light Dependent Resistor, the comparator compares the voltages at the reference pin that is with the non-inverting pin and the inverting pin of the op-amp. If the voltage at the non-inverting pin is greater than the voltage at the inverting pin the transistor cannot be switched. If the voltage at non-inverting pin is less than the voltage at the inverting pin, the output of the comparator can switch the transistor.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
This device is very useful in that it distinguishes daylight and dark hours. This device eliminates the need of switching the Porch lamp or street lamp daily and also helps to switch ON or OFF the premises of the house when the occupants are out of station.
1.4 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
One of the problems of this device is that any opaque material can trigger the device, such as human shadow, movement of animals or ants across the sensor can trigger the system
1.5 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
- Useful for automatic outdoor lighting or garden lighting at home.
- Useful for automatic switching of street lights.
- Useful for switching the hoardings on and off automatically.
- Useful for self-switching operation of displaying title hoardings of companies.
- Useful as a light detector circuit when the pin of the ic is reconfigured.
- Useful as a dark activated switch.
1.6 PROJECT MOTIVATION/CONSIDERATION
The main considerations in the present field technologies are Automation, Power consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man power with the help of intelligent systems. Power saving is the main consideration forever as the source of the power(Thermal, Hydro etc.,)are getting diminished due to various reasons. The main aim of the project is Automatic street power saving system with LDR, this is to save the power. We want to save power automatically instead of doing manual. So it’s easy to make cost effectiveness. This saved power can be used in some other cases. So in villages, towns etc we can design intelligent systems for the usage of street lights.
1.7 PROJECT WORK ORGANIZATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to dark activated alarm. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of dark activated street light were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of dark activated street light. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
The Title Page should be the first section of your project “Design And Construction Of A Dark Activated Street Light”, providing essential details like the project title, your name, your supervisor’s name, the institution, and the submission date. After that, the Abstract offers a brief summary of your project, touching on its purpose, methods, results, and conclusions in 150-300 words. The Acknowledgments section is where you can thank those who supported your research, such as your supervisor, peers, or organizations that provided resources.
Next, the Table of Contents organizes the Design And Construction Of A Dark Activated Street Light by listing its chapters and sections, along with page numbers for easy reference. The List of Figures and List of Tables help guide readers to specific visual elements like graphs, charts, or tables included in the document. There should also be an Abbreviations and Glossary section to explain any specialized terms or acronyms, making the content clearer to readers unfamiliar with the technical language.
The main body of the Design And Construction Of A Dark Activated Street Light should start with the Introduction, which provides background information, outlines the research problem, states your objectives, and gives a brief overview of your research methods. Following that, the Literature Review offers an in-depth look at previous research relevant to your project, identifying gaps your study aims to address. The Methodology section then explains the research design, tools, and data collection methods you used to conduct the project and analyze the data.
In the Results and Discussion section, you present your findings and discuss them in relation to the Design And Construction Of A Dark Activated Street Light research questions or objectives, often using tables or charts to help explain the data. The Conclusion summarizes the key results, discusses their implications, and suggests possible directions for future research. You may also include recommendations based on your findings, offering practical advice for improvements or applications. Finally, the Design And Construction Of A Dark Activated Street Light project should include a References or Bibliography section to list all the sources you cited, as well as Appendices for any additional material. A Statement of Originality is often included to confirm the authenticity of your work