Battery Charger Circuit With Over Current And Over-Voltage Protection
Battery charger puts energy into a secondary cell or rechargeable battery by forcing an electric current through it. The purpose of cell protection is to provide the necessary monitoring and control to protect the cells from out of tolerance ambient or operating conditions and to protect the user from the consequences of battery failures. Cell protection can be external to the battery and this is one of the prime functions of the Battery Management System. This device prevents charging battery from over-voltage and over-current so that the charger can be left unattended.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
- METHODOLOGY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 REVIEW OF BATTERY CHARGER
2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BATTERY CHARGER
2.3 REVIEW OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERY
2.4 REVIEW OF CHARGER UNITS
2.4.1 SUPPLY UNIT
2.4.2 THE RECTIFYING UNIT
2.4.3 THE SMOOTHING UNIT
2.4.4 THE REGULATOR AND REGULATED
2.4.5 D.C CHARGING UNIT
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.4 SYSTEM OPERATION
3.5 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.4 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATIONOBSERVATIONS
4.6 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED ON THE SYSTEM
4.7 COST OF PRODUCTION
CHAPTER FIVE
- SUMAMRY
- CONCLUSIONS/SUGGESTIONS
5.3 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
A battery charger is an electrical device employed in charging batteries. A Battery charger comes in various designs and voltage. The choice of a particular and type of charger depends largely on the size of battery or batteries.
The battery charge is built in such a way that it delivers a constant value of d.c current into the battery it is charging in the opposite direction from which current flows on the batteries during discharge one cannot successfully design a battery charge without a fundamental understanding of the accumulator because it also makes up the operation according to [Xie, Z.; Liu, Q.; Chang, Z.; Zhang, X. 2013].
Every charging Battery requires monitoring, that is, keeping a check on the key operational parameters during charging and discharging such as voltages and currents and the battery internal and ambient temperature. The monitoring circuits would normally provide inputs to protection devices which would generate alarms or disconnect the battery from the load or charger should any of the parameters become out of limits.
There are three main objectives common to all Battery Management Systems
- Protect the cells or the battery from damage
- Prolong the life of the battery
- Maintain the battery in a state in which it can fulfil the functional requirements of the application for which it was specified.
To achieve these objectives the battery managing system the device will incorporate one or more protecting device.
The aim of this work is to build a charger that will automatically shut off the charging process when battery attains full charge thereby protecting the device from overcharge. This main aim of this work is protect this device from over-current and overvoltage.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
In the last decade, battery chargers used to be the most devices that exposes batteries to explosion and cell deterioration due to over-current or overvoltage experience because of lack of inbuilt regulating device. This automatic battery charger came to overcome this problem in that in that it has an inbuilt protecting device which protects the charger from being overcharged due to over-current or overvoltage.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The objective of the project is to design a device that will recharge 12v lead acid battery when discharged and at the same time protect the battery from overcharge.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this work is to ensure the safety of charging battery, that is, to protect battery from over-current and over-voltage.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
This device charges 12v acid battery mainly, however, if the output voltages are adjusted can be used to charge battery of lower or higher voltages. Apart from charging batteries, this device can also be used as a battery level monitor due to the battery level feature it contains. This device has protecting device which protects battery from overcharging. [Xie, Z.; Liu, Q.; Chang, Z.; Zhang, X. 2013]
1.6 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Battery charger is used in the following devices for the purpose of recharging devices’ batteries according to (Sequeira, C.A.C, 2011), Such batteries are:
- It is used in inverter
- It is used in cellphone
- It is used in Solar energy system
- It is used in vehicles
- It is used in an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), etc.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
The only problem with this device is that it takes longer time to recharge car battery because of the low current output, and it is design only for a 12 battery.
1.8 ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC CHARGER
Features of this automatic battery charger made it more advantageous than other types and they are as below (Sequeira, 2011):
- Automatic battery charger has an indicator to indicate when the battery is charging and fully charged
- It has a manually operated switch that is used to ON and OFF the entire system.
- It composes of in-built active components which stop charging process when the battery is fully charged.
- It consumed less current but generate high current to the load.
1.9 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
The Title Page should be the first section of your project “Battery Charger Circuit With Over Current And Over-Voltage Protection”, providing essential details like the project title, your name, your supervisor’s name, the institution, and the submission date. After that, the Abstract offers a brief summary of your project, touching on its purpose, methods, results, and conclusions in 150-300 words. The Acknowledgments section is where you can thank those who supported your research, such as your supervisor, peers, or organizations that provided resources.
Next, the Table of Contents organizes the Battery Charger Circuit With Over Current And Over-Voltage Protection by listing its chapters and sections, along with page numbers for easy reference. The List of Figures and List of Tables help guide readers to specific visual elements like graphs, charts, or tables included in the document. There should also be an Abbreviations and Glossary section to explain any specialized terms or acronyms, making the content clearer to readers unfamiliar with the technical language.
The main body of the Battery Charger Circuit With Over Current And Over-Voltage Protection should start with the Introduction, which provides background information, outlines the research problem, states your objectives, and gives a brief overview of your research methods. Following that, the Literature Review offers an in-depth look at previous research relevant to your project, identifying gaps your study aims to address. The Methodology section then explains the research design, tools, and data collection methods you used to conduct the project and analyze the data.
In the Results and Discussion section, you present your findings and discuss them in relation to the Battery Charger Circuit With Over Current And Over-Voltage Protection research questions or objectives, often using tables or charts to help explain the data. The Conclusion summarizes the key results, discusses their implications, and suggests possible directions for future research. You may also include recommendations based on your findings, offering practical advice for improvements or applications. Finally, the Battery Charger Circuit With Over Current And Over-Voltage Protection project should include a References or Bibliography section to list all the sources you cited, as well as Appendices for any additional material. A Statement of Originality is often included to confirm the authenticity of your work