Extraction And Characterization Of Oil From Date Seed
The aim of this project is centered on the extraction and characterization of oil from date seed. The extraction is carried out with the use of a soxhlet apparatus and a solvent hexane which is chosen base on the fact that it has a very low value of toxicity and high extraction rate. The different particle size gotten from the gotten from the grinded date seed were 710 um, 1mm and 2mm mesh size, which 40g of each were measured and subjected to the process and they yield the following value of oil respectively 363, 3.49 and 3.25 with the smallest particle size producing the highest yield.
Oil could be defined as any greasily substance that is liquid at room temperature and is insoluble in water. Oil is derived mainly from two two main sources namely plant and animal. In animal they occur mainly inform of eclipse tissure and all composed of cell, while in plant they are mostly found in storage organs like seed (Abraham et al. 1970). Oil is generally liquid under room or ordinary temperature and those that exist as solid are called fats.
Vegetable oil and fat have a wide range of uses as food for industrial purpose and also in pharmaceuticals.
Dates are low cost source of food with high nutritional value. The date palm is an important member of the family palmacen, providing a staple food for millions of people in arid and semiarid regions of the world. Dates may be considered as almost ideal food, providing a wide range of essential nutrients and potential health benefits. The sugar content of ripe dates is aboiut 80%; the remainder consists of protein, fibre and trace element including born, cobalt, fluorine, magasium, managanese, selenium and zinc.
Extraction may be used to separate more than two components and mixture of solvents. It is also a method of removing one constituent from a solid or liquid by means of liquid solvent. These techniques falls into two categories, the first is called leaching or solid extraction, it is used to dissolve soluble matter from its mixture with an insoluble solid. The second is called liquid extraction is used to recover a valuable product from s multi-component solution by contact with an immiscible solvent that has a high affinity for the product. (W.L. Mcable, J.C. Smith, P.HarrioH, unit operation of chemical engineering seventh (7th) Edition 2005.
Leaching is a process of extracting a substance from a solid by means of dissolving it in a liquid. In the chemical processing industries, leaching is known as extraction. Leaching has a variety of commercial applications which includes the separation of a metal from it ore using acid, separation of sugar from beats using hot water, leaching of chloride from food substances. (Wikipedia, 2006)
In leaching, there are four important factors to be considered which the particles size, solvent temperature and agitation of the fluid. Generally, the process can be considered in three solute as it dissolve in the solvent, its diffusion through the solvent in the pores of the solid to outside of the particles. And the transfer of the solute from the solution in contact with the particles to he main bulk of the solution. And of these process may be responsible for limiting the rapidly that it has a negligible effect on the overall rate (Coulson and Richardson 1990)
AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The aim of the project is centered on acquiring the general knowledge of separating a particular component from it mixture with other component successfully, while the objective is to carry out the extraction of oil from date seed using the separation method known as leaching.
RELEVANCE OF THE WORK
The knowledge of extraction of oil from date seed does not only help the students of chemical engineering on how to carryout separation but also the method suitable for anykind of mixture either liquid-solid mixture or liquid-liquid mixture.
SCOPE OF WORK
1. Extraction of the oil
2. Determination of the following physiochemical properties of the oil
3. Iodine value
4. Saponification value
5. Acid value
6. Viscosity
7. pH value
8. Unsaponification matter
9. Specific gravity
10. Peroxide value
11. Free fatty acid
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aim and Object of the Project
1.3 Relevance of Work
1.4 Relevance of the Work
CHAPTER TWO:
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 History and Background of Date Seed
2.2 Propagation and Culture
2.4 Fats and Oil
2.5 Location of Oil
2.6 General Properties and Composition of Fat and Oil
2.7 Industralization of Oil and Fat
2.8 Classification of Nutrient Content
2.9 Date Pollination
CHAPTER THREE: RAW METERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.0 Instrumentation and Procedure
3.2 Equipment
3.3 Properties and Value of Hexane
3.4 Toxicity of Hexane
3.5 Extraction by Solvent
3.6 Procedure
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Result
4.2 Presentation of Result
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
5.2Recommendation
REFERENCES
The Title Page should be the first section of your project “Extraction And Characterization Of Oil From Date Seed”, providing essential details like the project title, your name, your supervisor’s name, the institution, and the submission date. After that, the Abstract offers a brief summary of your project, touching on its purpose, methods, results, and conclusions in 150-300 words. The Acknowledgments section is where you can thank those who supported your research, such as your supervisor, peers, or organizations that provided resources.
Next, the Table of Contents organizes the Extraction And Characterization Of Oil From Date Seed by listing its chapters and sections, along with page numbers for easy reference. The List of Figures and List of Tables help guide readers to specific visual elements like graphs, charts, or tables included in the document. There should also be an Abbreviations and Glossary section to explain any specialized terms or acronyms, making the content clearer to readers unfamiliar with the technical language.
The main body of the Extraction And Characterization Of Oil From Date Seed should start with the Introduction, which provides background information, outlines the research problem, states your objectives, and gives a brief overview of your research methods. Following that, the Literature Review offers an in-depth look at previous research relevant to your project, identifying gaps your study aims to address. The Methodology section then explains the research design, tools, and data collection methods you used to conduct the project and analyze the data.
In the Results and Discussion section, you present your findings and discuss them in relation to the Extraction And Characterization Of Oil From Date Seed research questions or objectives, often using tables or charts to help explain the data. The Conclusion summarizes the key results, discusses their implications, and suggests possible directions for future research. You may also include recommendations based on your findings, offering practical advice for improvements or applications. Finally, the Extraction And Characterization Of Oil From Date Seed project should include a References or Bibliography section to list all the sources you cited, as well as Appendices for any additional material. A Statement of Originality is often included to confirm the authenticity of your work