Production Of A High Quality Bar Soap And Compare With Detergent
The sole aim of this research work is to produce a high quality of bar soaps and compare with detergent. The major aspects of this projects deals with quality control processes in the production of a high quality bar soaps.
In soap production, cold process was used and this was found out to be the most effective means of production considering several factors. In the production of bar soaps, palm kernel oil was used instead of fallow or grease. This is because palm kernel has a low titre value and gives a quicker lather and the fallow or grease gives a high titre value which produce soap that is slow to dissolve at low temperature. Different formulation were made and it was found out that the best ratio for a high quality soap is 2:1 of palm kernel to caustic soda respectively. Carrying out test on soap produced were saponification value of P.K.O to be 248.24 refractive index 1.45, free fatty acid value of 1.56, acid value of 3.5, moisture content of soap 35.29%, percentage free alkaline 0.4% alcohol insoluble matter of 1.43% and PH value of 8.80 at a temperature reading of 30.00.
The synthetic detergent which was developed to replace the soapy detergent has a better quality. It was prepared by a sulphonation reaction when this reaction is carried out, a detergent paste is formed which when builders and other additives were added, it then form detergent which was size reduced and seized.
The sieved detergent was dried by solar energy. From the project, it was discovered that (STPP) helps the detergent to reduce water hardness sequestering calcium ion and heavy metal ion water, could increase the cleaning action of detergent. And also the hydrogen peroxide acts as stain removal due to its bleaching action, the CMC acts as anti-redeposition agent.
The high quality bar soap was found to contain certain materials which limit the formation of scum in hard water and this ascertained that the synthetic detergent is not more effective than bar soap when washing and moreover bar soap does not change the colour of a material when washing but detergent does by bleaching the colour.
INTRODUCTION
Soap is a class of products that serves for leaning of human property and surrounding. Hence foam in its various foams is in high demand in all society. It is a cleansing agent described chemically as an alkaline metal salt of a long carbon- chain monocarboxylic acid, represented for example by sodium myristate (NaCooC13H27) is shown below:
H3C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
The hydrocarbon portion is hydrophobic and carboxylate portion is hydrophic.
For detergency process, the most useful hydrophobic portion contains 12 – 18 carbon atoms. Sodium soaps are not useful for soil removal with hydrocarbon chains of less than 12 carbons. When the chain length exceeds 18 carbons, they become insoluble in water.
Soaps and detergent belong to the general class of substances known as surface agents or surfactants. These are substances which when dissolved in a solvent even at very low concentration have the property of lowering the surface energy and hence altering the surface behaviour of the solvent to an extreme degree.
In general, the surface active agents are composed of fairly large molecules which contain separated groups of dissimilar nature, one group being of a hydrophilic or water – attracting, character while the other group has a hydrophobic or oil attracting character and also it exhibited in aqueous or non aqueous system.
In this work, high quality industrial soap can be produced using sodium hydroxide and palm kernel oil. Ordinary soap today is simply a mixture of sodium salts of long chain fatty acids. Fatty acids are the basic raw materials for soap and most of the inorganic materials for soap and most of the inorganic material such as Oleum, caustic soda and various sodium phosphate and a large number of additives, the last mentioned amount is 4% or less of the total products weight are purchased.
The overall objective of this research project is geared towards the production of high quality bar soap compare with detergent.
TITLE PAGE
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
APROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
CHAPTER FOUR
EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATION
CHAPTER FIVE
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANLYSIS
CHAPTER SIX
DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SEVEN
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX.
The Title Page should be the first section of your project “Production Of A High Quality Bar Soap And Compare With Detergent”, providing essential details like the project title, your name, your supervisor’s name, the institution, and the submission date. After that, the Abstract offers a brief summary of your project, touching on its purpose, methods, results, and conclusions in 150-300 words. The Acknowledgments section is where you can thank those who supported your research, such as your supervisor, peers, or organizations that provided resources.
Next, the Table of Contents organizes the Production Of A High Quality Bar Soap And Compare With Detergent by listing its chapters and sections, along with page numbers for easy reference. The List of Figures and List of Tables help guide readers to specific visual elements like graphs, charts, or tables included in the document. There should also be an Abbreviations and Glossary section to explain any specialized terms or acronyms, making the content clearer to readers unfamiliar with the technical language.
The main body of the Production Of A High Quality Bar Soap And Compare With Detergent should start with the Introduction, which provides background information, outlines the research problem, states your objectives, and gives a brief overview of your research methods. Following that, the Literature Review offers an in-depth look at previous research relevant to your project, identifying gaps your study aims to address. The Methodology section then explains the research design, tools, and data collection methods you used to conduct the project and analyze the data.
In the Results and Discussion section, you present your findings and discuss them in relation to the Production Of A High Quality Bar Soap And Compare With Detergent research questions or objectives, often using tables or charts to help explain the data. The Conclusion summarizes the key results, discusses their implications, and suggests possible directions for future research. You may also include recommendations based on your findings, offering practical advice for improvements or applications. Finally, the Production Of A High Quality Bar Soap And Compare With Detergent project should include a References or Bibliography section to list all the sources you cited, as well as Appendices for any additional material. A Statement of Originality is often included to confirm the authenticity of your work